"Jute" is the name of the plant or fiber used to make burlap, hessian or gunny cloth. Jute is one of the most affordable natural fibers, and second only to cotton in the amount produced and variety of uses. Jute fibers are composed primarily of the plant materials cellulose and lignin.
Cultivation of Jute Fiber:
- Jute is a rainy season crop, sown from March to May according to rainfall and type of land.
- Requires warm and humid climate (24°C to 37°C)
- It is harvested from June to September depending upon whether the sowings are early or late.
Harvesting of Jute Fiber
Extraction Process of Jute Fiber
Structure of Jute Fiber
Chemical Constituents of Jute Fiber
Physical Properties of Jute:
Chemical Properties
Spinning:
Softening of Jute
- Jute fiber brittle in nature
- Brittleness of fiber affects flexibility of jute
- Fibers are required to soften before processing
- Softening can be achieved by spraying emulsion
- Emulsion batch has to be standardize before softening
- Emulsion is required to spread on softening machine.
Formulation of Emulsion Batch
- Emulsion is mixture of two immiscible liquids
- Stable emulsion can be prepared by adding the surfactants or emulsifiers
- The ratio of organic phase and aqueous phase has to be maintain in order to prepare stable emulsion
- The standard recipe of both phases is homogenized at high pressure to make emulsion stable
- The whole process is carried it in the batch mixer at industrial scale
Softener Machine
- Softener machine consist of series of fluted rollers
- The jute fiber is allowed to pass between these rollers
Pilling Operation
- To maintain required degree of emulsion in the jute fiber
- To separate out the fiber mass for subsequent process.
- The jute fiber is allowed to pass between these rollers
Carding Operation for Jute
- To remove the impurities from the strand
- To form a continuous strand of fibers for subsequent spinning operation. (Ribbon or Sliver)
- Two types carding operations are involved
2. Finisher Carding Machine
Drawing Operation for Jute
- Three passage drawing operation is performed
- Drawing is similar to gill drawing process at wool fiber
- Speed of finisher drawing is higher than breaker draw frame
Drawing Operation for Jute: Gill drawing
- The fibre drafting zone is controlled by two sets of intersecting pinned faller bars (rows of pins), driven by either screw, chain or rotary slot devices.
- Conventional screw-driven intersector gills operate at about 2000 faller drops per minute with feed speeds of 20– 25 m/min.
Spinning of Jute Fiber
- Two legged flyer Frames are used
- Slip Draft and Apron draft is given to the sliver
- Count range: 210 to 140 tex
Process flowchart for spinning 100% jute yarn
Process flowchart for fine jute and jute blended yarns
Some of the salient features of the SITRA jute
ring frame include
- Double-sided machine with sliver feeding creel arrangement (200 spindles/ machine) ·
- Optimum spinning
geometry with 45⁰ roller stand angle. Angle of yarn
pull is 28⁰ and spinning angles are 21⁰ (lappet bottom position) and 25⁰ (lappet top position).
- top arm loading with PK 1601 arm and with slip draft
- self-lubricating vertical rings or multi-grooved rings with nylon travellers
- ABC rings for balloon control
- spinnable count: 4 to 8 lb./spindle (with appropriate sliver)
- spindle speeds 6000 to 6500 rpm
- draft range 15 to 30
- twist range 3.0 to 12.0 TPI.
Wrap Spinning
- Production of 100 % jute yarn is not possible
- Fancy yarn production can be possible
Winding and Weaving of Jute Yarn
- Generally, parallel winding machines are used for jute
- Both mechanical and electronic yarn clearers are used for detection and removal yarn forms
- Idle spindle and run time can be monitored on the latest machines
- Package weight ranging from 1.5 to 2.5 kg depending upon type of jute
Warping and Sizing
- Both sectional and direct warping technologies are used to prepare the beam.
- Sizing: Tamarind kernel Powder (TKP) as main ingredient for sizing with addition of antiseptic agent.
- Polyvinyl acrylate (PVAC) also used in the preparation of size paste which will to enhance the strength
- Optimum drying temperature can adopted to maintain the required size pick up
Weaving of Jute Fabric
Shuttle loom
- Picking Rate: up to 110 picks/min
- Late picking mechanism is adopted
- Rubber covered cloth roller is used
- Shuttle changing machine is popularly used Shuttless
- Projectile is used for weaving of 100% jute fabric
- Rapier and Airjet for jute blended yarns
A drive link of Jute Fibre (Book part)
Jute fiber
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